As The World Returns To A Double-Dip Recession In The West, Yields will Become Crucial, Interest Rates will Remain Zero As Nations consider fiscal easing to fix Deflation Christopher Wood World financial markets reacted bearishly to Germany's surprise announcement last week banning "naked" short-selling of euro-zone government debt, derivatives and some financial stocks. Short selling is considered naked when it involves the sale of an asset that isn't owned by the seller and isn't borrowed to cover the position while it's held. The news disturbed investors because of the unilateral nature of Germany's action. It's also seen as a potential prelude to other antimarket actions from Germany, or for that matter the U.S. and other Western nations, where the political backlash against free markets continues. Also causing anxiety is the ominous rise in recent weeks in the three-month London interbank offered rate (Libor), the rate the most creditworthy banks charge each other for loans. This could result in yet another European credit crisis with banks becoming increasingly unwilling to lend to each other because of the interconnected holdings of "junk" European government debt. Bank for International Settlements (BIS) data shows that European bank exposure to sovereign debt in Portugal, Italy, Ireland, Greece and Spain totalled $2.8 trillion at the end of last year, accounting for 89% of international banks' total exposure to those countries. Moving beyond Europe, a further negative for investors to contend with has been China's current tightening cycle; most particularly a machine-gun burst of antispeculation measures in the past two months aimed at its booming residential property market. China's leadership, worried by growing social concerns about unaffordable apartment prices, will want to see official confirmation that both residential property transactions and residential property prices are falling, as indeed is now the case. Transaction volumes are down more than 50% from the levels reached in the first half of April. Prices will soon follow. An easing in policy toward housing by Beijing is unlikely until the end of the third quarter, though an earlier U-turn on policy is plausible in the event of a complete blowup in Europe. For this would reactivate Beijing's concerns about its business abroad. When the green light is turned on again, whenever that may be, all the empirical evidence suggests that this will translate into renewed demand for residential properties—as was also the case at the beginning of 2009, which was the last time the policy was reversed. China's woes have served to aggravate the concerns of investors who are already negatively focused on Europe, where the Greek crisis has revealed the critical fault line of the euro-zone—namely the difficulty of having monetary union without political union. Meanwhile, the fundamental trend in the West remains profoundly deflationary. Last week the U.S. government reported that the country's core consumer price index (CPI) inflation rate slid in April to its lowest level in 44 years. Global markets are seeing selling pressure again as concerns about Europe's debt crisis reassert themselves. Spain's nationalization of a regional bank has contributed to the anxiety, Dow Jones Newswires's Paul Vigna and Michael Reid report. It is also the case that, if the U.S. headline CPI remains flat from May onwards, the year-on-year headline CPI inflation rate will then fall to 1.4% in June and zero by January from 2.2% in April. This trend will reawaken deflationary concerns prompting Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke to keep interest rates at zero. Or consider Ireland, which has suffered an astonishing 16 consecutive months of price deflation. The Irish CPI fell by 2.1% year-on-year in April. This deflation action is beginning to make Japan's experience of the past 20 years look like a picnic because Ireland, unlike Japan in the 1990s, remains in fiscal contraction mode. Thus, the Irish government aims to reduce its deficit to 10% of GDP in 2011 and then to 2.9% in 2014 from 14.3% last year. Others in the euro-zone will surely follow. Spain has potentially a huge deflationary cycle to endure given its level of consumer leverage and the degree of anticipated fiscal tightening. Spain's household debt-to-GDP ratio was 83% at the end of 2009, and Spain has to refinance €165 billion of maturing government debt by the end of 2011. For the moment Spain has only just sunk into outright price deflation. Spanish core CPI, which excludes unprocessed food and energy products, fell by 0.1% year on year in April. This is the first core CPI deflation in Spain since the data series began in August 1986. But the pattern looks set to endure, and this is in a country that already has 20% unemployment. Meanwhile, in America bank lending continues to decline as does the velocity of money in circulation. If this persists, markets will face worryingly low GDP growth in the U.S. going into 2011. It's this prospect that's begun to be discounted in the recent stock-market correction, which has already seen the S&P 500 give up all its gains for the year. This will sooner or later pave the way for another round of fiscal easing in Washington when both the Obama administration and Congress give up on their current hopes of a normal U.S. recovery. That political mood swing will again raise the protectionist risk in Washington, with the lightning rod being the Chinese exchange rate. Beijing has been signaling that it will resume incremental appreciation of the renminbi by the middle of this year. But with the renminbi having appreciated by 24% against the euro since late November, China's leaders may be having second thoughts. A trade row between China and the U.S. on top of the growing concerns about a "double dip" in the West is the last thing markets will want to contend with. But they may have to. Mr. Wood, equity strategist for CLSA Ltd. in Hong Kong, is the author of "The Bubble Economy: Japan's Extraordinary Speculative Boom of the '80s and the Dramatic Bust of the '90s" (Solstice Publishing, 2005
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